Using Credit

When you borrow money to pay for something or use a card to charge a purchase, you're using credit.

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       From your perspective, using credit means being able to pay for things you want or need when you don't have enough cash to cover the purchase, or don't want to pay in full all at once. Your part of the bargain is repaying the lender the amount of money you've borrowed, plus interest, calculated as a percentage of the amount you owe for having the opportunity to use it.

           Loans and credit cards are the types of credit most people use most often. Loans, which let you borrow a lump sum of money, have a longer history. But credit cards, which give you revolving access to a fixed amount of money, called your credit limit, have become a way of life for a majority of people. Revolving access means that as soon as you repay an amount you've used, you can use it again.

AVAILABLE CREDIT Creditors are willing, and often eager, to advance you the principal, or the money you use, because they collect a fee, called a finance charge, as you repay. Creditors figure the finance charge by adding a percentage of the principal to the amount you owe. The percentage, called the interest rate, varies, depending on the type of credit you're using and the amount of competition the creditor has in attracting your business. It's often linked to the interest rates that are current in the economy at large, particularly the prime rate, which lenders use as a benchmark rate. In general, though, finance charges on credit cards are figured at a higher — sometimes much higher — rate than those on many loans. Other factors influence the finance charges you pay, including your credit reputation or assumptions a potential creditor makes about you. If a creditor believes there's a risk that you may default, or fail to repay, the rate you'll have to pay for credit may be higher than someone who seems to pose less risk.

EVALUATING CREDIT USE People use credit, or their access to credit, in different ways. And most experts agree that some of those choices work better than others. Here are some of the credit issues you may want to consider: Credit cards can be a convenient way to simplify bill-paying. If you charge a number of different purchases, you can make one payment to cover them all. You may also be able to take advantage of sales, avoid carrying large sums of cash, or shop conveniently by phone or online. On the other hand, if you regularly charge more than you can afford to repay, the finance charges can add substantially to your expenses, and in the worst of circumstances drive you deeply into debt. Similarly, a car loan or lease can enable you to replace an old car with one less apt to need expensive repairs. But you can also find yourself repaying a loan on a car or other property that's no longer serviceable. Or worse yet, if you overcommit yourself and can't pay, you may lose the property entirely.

TWO FACES OF CREDIT

       Credit has enabled many people to live better by paying for goods or services as part of their regular living expenses rather than having to wait until they could afford to make the purchase. It's more available today to a broader range of people than it was in the past.

          In fact, the majority of Americans use credit in one form or another: about 78% of US households have credit cards, most people who buy homes have a mortgage loan, and about 60% of college students (or their parents) use loans to help them pay tuition and other expenses.

         But credit does have a downside. Although many people use credit wisely, some owe more than they are able to repay. It may be that they're using credit to buy food and gas as usual but have lost their jobs or are burdened by major medical expenses. It may be that they've been unrealistic about what they can afford to charge, or that they haven't realized how deeply in debt they are. Whatever the reason, the consequences are costly and put access to future credit at risk.

CREDIT PARTNERS Two parties are involved in making credit work, the consumer, or user of credit, and the creditor, or supplier of credit. And unless you have informal arrangements with family or friends, getting credit usually involves an agreement you make with a financial institution such as a bank or a credit union.   Customarily, the partners agree on the amount of credit available and the conditions under which it will be repaid, as well as the fee the creditor will the charge for advancing the money. Since credit is a common phenomenon, those agreements are generally standardized. But that doesn't mean that some credit arrangements won't work better for you than others. CREDIT REGULATION Legitimate credit providers are regulated by the US government and the states where they operate. The laws, which have evolved over time, require the lenders to offer credit on an equal basis, disclose credit terms and conditions, and avoid unfair and deceptive practices, including hidden fees and unreasonable expenses. The law also governs liability for unauthorized use of your credit card and details procedures for resolving billing errors and other disputes.

ARTHUR MORRIS originated the installment loan. His Morris Plan, the first to make credit available to the average citizen, began in 1916 despite common wisdom that lending money to working people was doomed to failure. Eighty years later, it's hard to imagine how the American economy could function without credit.